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Abdullah \u00d6CALAN<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \n Toplumsal sorunda a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fman\u0131n son d\u00f6nemi y\u00fckselen Avrupa merkezli uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hegemonik iktidar a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r. M.S. 1500\u2019lerden itibaren d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7en Avrupa uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u2018kapitalist\u2019 demek y\u00f6ntem haline getirilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca biricik oldu\u011fu, benzeri bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmi\u015ftir. Bir\u00e7ok benzersizli\u011fi (ulus-devlet, end\u00fcstri, bili\u015fim) ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da \u00f6nemle belirtilir. Entelekt\u00fcel hegemonya nedeniyle Avrupa merkezci sosyal bilimin iddialar\u0131 pozitif ger\u00e7ekler olarak sunulur. Dinsel dogmalardan daha kesin ger\u00e7ekler olarak kabul edilmesi istenen bu pozitif ger\u00e7ekler asl\u0131nda yeni modernitenin dogmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u015e\u00fcphesiz Avrupa uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7irmi\u015f ve farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan bir yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu ink\u00e2r edilemez. Fakat tarih boyunca merkez\u00ee uygarl\u0131k geli\u015ferek d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, bir\u00e7ok mek\u00e2n ve zaman tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcrekli ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imler tekrarlanmam\u0131\u015f, farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olmu\u015ftur. Zaten evrensel ak\u0131\u015f gere\u011fince b\u00f6yle geli\u015fmek durumundad\u0131r. Benzersizlik iddias\u0131 ise a\u015f\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015ftan sona kadar merkez\u00ee uygarl\u0131\u011fa damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran ve karakterini belirleyen temel \u00f6zellikleri ise be\u015f bin y\u0131l boyunca \u00f6z itibariyle de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015ftir. Oran ve teknikte farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olabilir. \u00d6rg\u00fctlenmesi, verimi, ideolojisi, y\u00f6netimi \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imler alabilir. Kendini t\u00fcm bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ve bi\u00e7imler alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcren \u00f6zelli\u011fi ise, ARTIK-DE\u011eER \u00fczerindeki tekel hegemonyas\u0131d\u0131r. Tekelin i\u00e7eri\u011fi de\u011fi\u015febilir, ama kendisi de\u011fi\u015fmez. Rahip + asker + idareci \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc her zaman vard\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 zaman ve mek\u00e2na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir. Ama tekel bu kesimleri s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6zetmek durumundad\u0131r. Art\u0131k-\u00fcr\u00fcn veya de\u011ferlerin elde edili\u015f y\u00f6ntemleri de farkl\u0131 olabilir, ama kendisi de\u011fi\u015fmez. Art\u0131k-de\u011fer, ya tar\u0131m ve end\u00fcstride verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131, ya ticaret, ya da askeri fetih sayesinde biriktirilir. Bu yollardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanabilir. Yine de birikim bu y\u00f6ntemlerin toplam sonucudur.<\/p>\n Tekeli anlamaya b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermeliyiz. O, yaln\u0131z sermaye olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, iktidar da de\u011fildir. Sadece ticari, askeri, idari alanda olu\u015fmaz. T\u00fcm bu de\u011fer ve alanlar\u0131n birle\u015fmi\u015f ifadesidir. Asl\u0131nda tekel, ekonomi bile de\u011fildir. Ekonomik alan \u00fczerinde elindeki zor, teknik ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler yoluyla gasp\u0131 sa\u011flama g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr; \u015firkettir. Ama al\u0131\u015fageldi\u011fimiz ekonomik \u015firket de\u011fil, son tahlilde sermaye biriktirme ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kendini bazen devletle\u015fmemi\u015f iktidar ayg\u0131t\u0131, bazen devlet olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u2018ekonomik \u015firket\u2019 s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok kullan\u0131r. Bahsetti\u011fim gibi, ekonomik olmaktan \u00e7ok, \u2018ekonomiyi gasp \u015firketi\u2019 demek daha do\u011frudur. Bazen ordu, \u00e7o\u011fu yerde t\u00fcccarlar birli\u011fi, end\u00fcstriyel tekel olarak da kendisini yans\u0131tabilir. Tekelin ahtapot gibi \u00e7ok kolu olabilir. Bazen bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 ve potansiyelin birle\u015fik etkisi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Hepsinde \u00f6nemli olan, toplumsal art\u0131k-de\u011ferin sermaye olarak ellerinde toplanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Be\u015f bin y\u0131ld\u0131r de\u011fi\u015fmeyen, kesintisiz s\u00fcren, k\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00e2tif b\u00fcy\u00fcyen temel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi budur. Farkl\u0131 mek\u00e2n ve zamanlardaki rekabet-hegemonya, al\u00e7al\u0131\u015f-y\u00fckseli\u015f ve merkez-\u00e7evre olu\u015fturmas\u0131, bu de\u011fi\u015fmez ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve zincirleme halkalar halinde kopmadan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7indir.<\/p>\n \u2018Kapitalizm\u2019, \u2018kapitalist sistem\u2019 kelimelerinin propaganda ama\u00e7l\u0131 kavramlar olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat etmek gerekir. \u0130\u00e7erik olarak bu kavramlar\u0131n belli kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 belirlenebilir. Ama tam hakikat ifade eden olgular, olaylar ve ili\u015fkiler sistemati\u011fi olarak yorumlanmalar\u0131 halinde, toplumsal do\u011fay\u0131 ve sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131tma oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek kavramlard\u0131r. Toplumsal hayat\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n yeni bir dil ve bilim gerektirdi\u011fi, toplumun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n boyutlar\u0131ndan da gayet a\u00e7\u0131k anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kapitalizm e\u011fer bir sermaye birikim sistemi ise, bu birikimin ilk kapsaml\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmelerinin S\u00fcmer \u015fehir devletlerinde sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lkel bi\u00e7imde de olsa, sermaye \u015firketleri, paralar\u0131, depolar\u0131, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ve y\u00f6netimi bu kent devlet\u00e7iklerinin temelidir. Kentin kendisi de belki de ilk sermaye \u015firketinin, tekelin kendisidir. Ticaret, askeri, bilim ve sanat ordusuyla birlikte, rahip y\u00f6neticiler ve i\u015f\u00e7i-k\u00f6leler daha o d\u00f6nemde temel sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flard\u0131r. Tap\u0131nak (Ziggurat) ayn\u0131 zamanda bir fabrika, i\u015f\u00e7i-k\u00f6le bar\u0131nma yeri, y\u00f6netici-askeri komutan ve rahip y\u00f6netim merkeziydi. En \u00fcst kat da tabii tanr\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6zetim, denetim yeriydi. Hepsi i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ve m\u00fckemmel d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti. Ben bu \u00f6rne\u011fi harika bulurum. Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n (t\u00fcm devlet, s\u0131n\u0131f ve kent yap\u0131s\u0131yla \u015fekillendi\u011fi) \u2018d\u00f6l yata\u011f\u0131\u2019 olarak de\u011ferlendiririm. Be\u015f bin y\u0131ll\u0131k merkezi uygarl\u0131k \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc zaman ve mek\u00e2na a\u00e7\u0131lan, yay\u0131lan bu tap\u0131nak ger\u00e7ekli\u011finden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Bu tap\u0131nak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinden daha m\u00fckemmel ve orijinal bir kapitalist tekel, i\u015fletme, \u015firket yarat\u0131labilece\u011fini sanm\u0131yorum. Nas\u0131l t\u00fcm h\u00fccrelerin ana kayna\u011f\u0131 ana h\u00fccreler ise, t\u00fcm tekel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n (y\u00f6netici, asker, ekonomi, ticari, bilimsel ve sanatsal) ana h\u00fccresi de bu tap\u0131nak ger\u00e7ekli\u011fidir. Yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. En son ke\u015ffedilen ve tarihin \u2018s\u00fcpernovas\u0131\u2019 olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan Urfa-G\u00f6beklitepe dikilita\u015f \u00f6rneklerinin \u015fimdiye kadar tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla en eski tap\u0131nak (neolitikten \u00f6nce avc\u0131 ve toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, M.\u00d6. 10000-8000) olmas\u0131 ihtimali y\u00fcksektir. Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f arkeologlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri bu y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Tarih \u00f6ncesi ilk sermaye birikimlerinin b\u00f6yle ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, hemen her kaz\u0131da birer \u00f6rne\u011fiyle kendini apa\u00e7\u0131k do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Avrupa merkezli \u2018kapitalin\u2019, tekelin en son ve zirvesel bi\u00e7imini temsil etti\u011fi ink\u00e2r edilemez. Birikim ve \u00fcretim tarz\u0131ndan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131na, askeri te\u015fkilat\u0131ndan sanat, teknik ve bilim tekeline kadar farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olu\u015fturdu\u011fu da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ama benzersiz oldu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir abartmad\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 bu, Avrupa merkezli propagandad\u0131r; di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, modern k\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yeni s\u0131n\u0131f Avrupa tap\u0131nak rahiplerinin (\u00fcniversite, akademik bilim ve sanat ordusu) iddialar\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k kilisesinden daha fazla yeni \u2018kapitalist sisteme\u2019 me\u015fruiyet hizmeti sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla belirlenebilir.<\/p>\n Avrupa uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u2018kapitalist sistem\u2019 temelli y\u00fckseli\u015finin tarihini yazmak konumuz de\u011fildir. Fakat bu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n M.S. 5. ve 6. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, 9. ve 10. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n (\u00f6zellikle \u0130ber, \u0130talyan ve Balkan Yar\u0131madas\u0131 \u00fczeri) teolojik, ticari, bilimsel, teknik ve y\u00f6netim tarz\u0131n\u0131n izi \u00fczerinde y\u00fckseldi\u011fi yak\u0131n tarihin en iyi bilinen hususlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. T\u00fcm tarih\u00e7iler M.S. 1250\u2019den itibaren hegemonik uygarl\u0131k merkezinde bir kayman\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Do\u011fu\u2019da al\u00e7alan uygarl\u0131k merkezlerinin Avrupa\u2019da y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hemfikirdirler. Ayr\u0131ca bu y\u00fczy\u0131la (13. y\u00fczy\u0131l) Ticaret Devrimi Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 da denmektedir. \u00d6zellikle Venedik, Cenova ve Floransal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 11. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na kadar t\u00fcm a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131yla Do\u011fu\u2019dan sadece mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k t\u00fcm uygarl\u0131k geleneklerinin, fikir ve tekniklerinin, us\u00fcl ve y\u00f6ntemlerinin, \u00f6zcesi toplumun \u2018di\u015fe dokunur\u2019 t\u00fcm de\u011ferlerinin ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyi bilinen tarihsel ger\u00e7eklerdir. Uygarl\u0131k merkezinin bu temelde aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, hatta Greko-Romen uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, daha \u00f6tesinde ise Neolitik Devrimin (M.\u00d6. 5000-4000) Do\u011fu\u2019dan Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ink\u00e2r edilemez tarihsel ger\u00e7ekliklerdir. \u015eahsi kanaatim, Asya k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6zellikle Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu Asya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n son on be\u015f bin y\u0131ll\u0131k toplumsal k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131yla Avrupa Yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131n son be\u015f y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131n en muhte\u015fem sentezini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Tarih yorumum tek c\u00fcmleyle budur!<\/p>\n \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Abdullah \u00d6CALAN Toplumsal sorunda a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fman\u0131n son d\u00f6nemi y\u00fckselen Avrupa merkezli uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hegemonik iktidar a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r. M.S. 1500\u2019lerden itibaren d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7en Avrupa uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u2018kapitalist\u2019 demek y\u00f6ntem haline getirilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca biricik oldu\u011fu, benzeri bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmi\u015ftir. Bir\u00e7ok benzersizli\u011fi (ulus-devlet, end\u00fcstri, bili\u015fim) ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da \u00f6nemle belirtilir. Entelekt\u00fcel hegemonya nedeniyle Avrupa merkezci sosyal bilimin iddialar\u0131 pozitif ger\u00e7ekler olarak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":547,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomi-ekoloji"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=546"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":548,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/546\/revisions\/548"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/547"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}