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Nurhak SERHAT<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \n Bir uygarl\u0131k icad\u0131 olarak para, ticari tarihin belli evrelerinden sonra hayat\u0131m\u0131za girmi\u015ftir. Bir de\u011fi\u015fim arac\u0131 olmas\u0131, dahas\u0131; arac\u0131 bir meta olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 bu olguyu, toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmezi-belirleyeni haline getirmi\u015ftir. Bir tacir bulu\u015fu-icad\u0131 olan para, de\u011fer y\u00fcklenmi\u015f bir arac\u0131dan (metadan) en de\u011ferli-kudretli metaya terfi etmi\u015ftir. Finans \u00e7a\u011f\u0131yla birlikte, toplumun t\u00fcm var\u0131n\u0131, mukaddesat\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fc alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunda, h\u00fckmetmedi\u011fi, komutas\u0131na almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplum bireyi yok gibidir.<\/p>\n Para nedir, nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131? \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f amac\u0131, i\u015flevi neydi? Dahas\u0131, insan soyuna komuta edebilecek kudreti nas\u0131l kazand\u0131? Finans kapital nedir, nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu? Bu noktaya nas\u0131l gelindi? Bu sorular\u0131 yan\u0131tlamak \u00fczere, konuya kapitalin geli\u015fimi \u00fczerinden bakmak yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kapital olgusu, devlet\u00e7i uygarl\u0131kla birlikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Uygarl\u0131k \u00f6ncesi toplumda, kapitale rastlanmaz. Kapital, ticari eylem \u00fczerinden geli\u015fir. Ancak, kapitali ticaretle, pazar etraf\u0131nda geli\u015fen ili\u015fkilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek eksik bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olur. Kapital, san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere ekonomik ili\u015fkilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, iktidardan kopuk geli\u015fen bir olgu de\u011fildir. \u0130ktidarla, iktidar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131yla alakal\u0131 bir durumdur. \u0130ktidar, kapitalle bulu\u015ftu\u011fu, b\u00fcnyesine katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde varl\u0131k kazan\u0131r. Kapitalin kendisi de g\u00fc\u00e7 ve iktidar demektir. Buna d\u00f6n\u00fck geli\u015fen her aray\u0131\u015f, \u00f6z\u00fcnde bir g\u00fc\u00e7-iktidar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Tarihin ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi ve ekonomik tekeli devlettir. Devletsiz, iktidars\u0131z tekelin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Olu\u015fsa dahi, devlet olu\u015fumuna, iktidara dayanmadan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyamaz. Uygarl\u0131ktan buyana, kapitalin \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u015famas\u0131 ve tekelci bi\u00e7imi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n a)Bezirg\u00e2n sermaye<\/p>\n b)Sanayici sermaye<\/p>\n c)Finans sermaye<\/p>\n Bezirg\u00e2n sermaye:<\/strong>\u00a0Bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde geli\u015fen sermaye bi\u00e7imidir. Bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar; mal al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi yap\u0131p k\u00e2r eder. K\u00e2r etmek, birikim-sermaye sa\u011flamak, bezirg\u00e2nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n-bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar\u0131n ilkesi, temel \u00f6nceli\u011fidir. Bezirg\u00e2n sermayeyi do\u011furan temel etmen, ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011fu k\u00e2r ilkesidir. Bezirg\u00e2n\u0131n, bu ilkeyi pazara ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 kadim de\u011fi\u015fimi zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bezirg\u00e2n, k\u00e2r ilkesini pazara sokarak pazar\u0131n kimyas\u0131yla oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplum, gereksinimlerini gidermek \u00fczere pazara kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, Bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar, s\u00f6z konusu ilkeden hareketle, pazar\u0131 istismar etmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00dcretici, \u00fcretti\u011fi mamulle ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 gidermek \u00fczere pazara kat\u0131l\u0131rken, \u00fcretim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar, k\u00e2r ve kazan\u00e7 elde etmek \u00fczere pazara girmektedir. \u0130ki farkl\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f ve eylem s\u00f6zkonusudur. Bir taraftan tabii ihtiyaca dayal\u0131 \u00fcreticinin eylemi, di\u011fer taraftaysa, de\u011fi\u015fimi meslek edinmi\u015f, k\u00e2r ve sermaye amac\u0131yla pazara dalan, \u00fcreticinin eme\u011fini istismar eden bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar. \u00dcreticiden mal\u0131n\u0131 ucuza alma, ba\u015fkas\u0131na katbekat pahal\u0131ya satma, mal stoku yapma, piyasaya mal s\u00fcrmek-mal \u00e7ekmek, toplumun ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, k\u00e2r sa\u011flamak bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar\u0131n tipik eylemlerindendir. Bu noktadan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ticaretin-tacirin de\u011fi\u015fim eylemiyle, s\u00f6z konusu eyleme dayal\u0131 pazarla bir alakas\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ticaret ve tacir olgusuna bu ba\u011flamda bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00fcretim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar, de\u011fi\u015fim eylemini kullanan, \u00fcreticiyi ve pazar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcren, bir ger\u00e7ek s\u00f6z konusudur. Bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar, bununla da kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; pazar hakimiyeti sa\u011flama, piyasa olu\u015fturma, fiyat belirleme, spek\u00fclasyon vb. uygulamalarla, toplum aleyhine pazar ve ekonomi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fczeni geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u0130\u00e7 pazar kontrol\u00fc, d\u0131\u015f pazarlara a\u00e7\u0131lma, pazarlar aras\u0131 a\u011f olu\u015fturma, yeni pazar alanlar\u0131 olu\u015fturma vb. uygulamalar da ticari tekelin-bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar\u0131n eylemleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck kumpanyalar \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan, i\u00e7-d\u0131\u015f, yak\u0131n-uzak, deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ticareti b\u00fcy\u00fck servetlere yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Ancak, bezirg\u00e2nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesi, belli zorlanmalar\u0131 da beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Ticaretin, hacimce b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi belli s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar do\u011furmaktayd\u0131. Mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp getirilmesi zorla\u015f\u0131yordu. \u00d6zellikle uzun yol ticareti, \u00e7ok ciddi sorunlara yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu. Aylarca s\u00fcren yolculuklar, y\u00fckl\u00fc miktarlardaki mal\u0131n bozulmas\u0131na, telef olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu. Bu durum, bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar\u0131 zora sokuyordu. Bu sorunlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 noktas\u0131nda,\u00a0(<\/em>arac<\/em>\u0131<\/em> bir de<\/em>\u011f<\/em>er olarak<\/em>) <\/em>\u00a0para icat edilmi\u015ftir. Ticaretin belli evrelerine kadar, ticari faaliyette alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, kimi de\u011ferli ta\u015flar de\u011fi\u015fim arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda, ticari i\u015flerde teminat olu\u015fturmas\u0131 itibariyle kral, imparator veya kimi b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcccarlara ait belgeler de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, bir noktadan sonra para gibi, ticari i\u015flerde kullan\u0131labilecek bir de\u011fere ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktayd\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda, tarihte ilk kez madeni para bas\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Paray\u0131 bulan ve modern anlamda para bas\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ilk topluluk, M\u00d6 700\u2019lerde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Lidyal\u0131lard\u0131r. Lidyal\u0131lar, Sikke ad\u0131 verdikleri paray\u0131 ticarette kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Para ticari tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck devrimlerindendir. 17. yy da ba\u015flamak \u00fczere \u2018sikke\u2019 ad\u0131 verilen madeni paraya banknotlar\u0131n da eklenmi\u015f olmas\u0131, ticaretin niteli\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Tacirin hareket kabiliyeti artm\u0131\u015f, ticarette \u00f6nemli kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, ticaretin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131na ve ticaret hacminin katbekat artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum, ticari sermayenin alabildi\u011fine b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini, ticari tekelin, devlet b\u00fct\u00e7elerini katbekat a\u015far nitelikte geli\u015fmesini beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. \u00d6yle ki; bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar, devletlere y\u00fckl\u00fc miktarlarda bor\u00e7 para vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 15-18. yy la birlikte bor\u00e7 alt\u0131na ald\u0131klar\u0131 devletleri kendilerine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f, ulus devlet formu \u00fczerinden devleti yeniden \u015fekillendirmi\u015flerdir. Devleti kendileri i\u00e7in koruyucu ve \u00f6n a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 bir ayg\u0131t haline getirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Ulus devlet, ulusun devleti olmas\u0131 bir yana, ger\u00e7ek manada bir bezirg\u00e2n devleti olarak do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Merkantilist d\u00f6nem denilen 15-18 yy.\u2019lar bezirg\u00e2n sermayenin, ticari tekelle\u015fmenin en vah\u015fi d\u00f6nemleri olmu\u015ftur. Ticari tekelin devletle\u015fti\u011fi, devletin; ticari tekele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu d\u00f6nem, tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck toplu katliam ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem olmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fta alt\u0131n ve di\u011fer de\u011ferli madenler olmak \u00fczere, katliam ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131yla ba\u015fta Amerika olmak \u00fczere bilinen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n zenginlikleri Avrupa merkezlerine ta\u015f\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcccar\u0131n devletle\u015fmesi ve devletin t\u00fcccarla\u015fmas\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011fa, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck vah\u015feti ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Sanayici sermaye:\u00a0<\/strong>End\u00fcstrinin istismar\u0131na dayal\u0131 geli\u015fen sermayedir. Makineye-end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretime dayan\u0131r. Sanayici sermayenin, bezirg\u00e2n ve finans sermayeden ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, \u00fcretimle ilgili olmas\u0131, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine d\u00e2hil olmas\u0131d\u0131r. End\u00fcstrinin geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte tar\u0131m ve k\u0131r ekonomisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 bir \u00fcretim alan\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Makinenin, seri \u00fcretim \u00f6zelli\u011fini erkenden fark eden bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar, bu alana da el atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tar\u0131m \u00fcretimine oranla, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretim kapasitesine sahip bir end\u00fcstrinin, fahi\u015f d\u00fczeyde kar getirece\u011fini g\u00f6ren bezirg\u00e2n bu alana y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Bezirg\u00e2n t\u00fcccar, end\u00fcstriye alt\u0131n yumurtlayan tavuk misali bakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu alana y\u00f6nelen bezirg\u00e2n\u0131n ilk i\u015fi, end\u00fcstriyi ele ge\u00e7irmek, tekelle\u015ftirmek ve k\u00e2ra d\u00f6n\u00fck d\u00fczenlemek olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0\u201c<\/em>Ne kadar <\/em>\u00e7<\/em>ok end<\/em>\u00fc<\/em>stri o kadar <\/em>\u00e7<\/em>ok para-sermaye<\/em>\u201d<\/em>\u00a0bezirg\u00e2n\u0131n temel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131-ament\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Paran\u0131n, yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131m\u0131, sermayeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Makine ve para, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en karl\u0131 ve i\u015flevsel sermayesi haline gelmi\u015ftir. End\u00fcstrinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrika d\u00fczenine ge\u00e7mesiyle birlikte, end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretimde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir patlama ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kent merkezli end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretim, tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 k\u0131r \u00fcretiminin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck fabrika, holding sahibi sanayici t\u00fcccar, ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc bulmak ve geni\u015f t\u00fcketici kitlesine ula\u015fmak \u00fczere var g\u00fcc\u00fcyle k\u0131r toplumuna y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcccar patentli geli\u015fen ulus devlet, devletin t\u00fcm imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131, toplumun t\u00fcm ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 sanayici t\u00fcccar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplumu hizmetine ko\u015fturmak, ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc haline getirip kendine ba\u011flamak \u00fcrere, end\u00fcstriyel pazar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015f, mamul\u00fc k\u0131ra ta\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, en geni\u015f t\u00fcketici kitlesini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Pazarlamada, al-ver i\u015flerinde mamul de\u011fi\u015fimini ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, paray\u0131 h\u00e2kim k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, sermayenin, end\u00fcstrinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de kullanarak, ba\u015fta k\u0131r toplumu olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm toplumu paraya mahk\u00fbm etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcketimde bulunmak, ihtiya\u00e7 gidermek \u00fczere toplumun elindekini satmaktan, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 k\u0131rsal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin de de\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, para etmedi\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda paraya ula\u015fmak \u00fczere i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmekten ba\u015fka \u015fans b\u0131rak\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. End\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretimin pazara s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda k\u0131r ekonomisinin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmek \u00fczere kent merkezlerine g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn yolunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 gidermek ya da daha ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc bulmak amac\u0131yla, sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kartmak, katliam ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma maruz b\u0131rakarak, insanlar\u0131 yerinden yurdundan etmek, b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131 yaratmak ulus devlet \u00fczerinden \u00e7ok\u00e7a ba\u015fvurulan bir y\u00f6ntem olmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u00f6ntem Asy\u2019da, Afrika\u2019da, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Ortado\u011fu ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n da hala uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Sermayenin istikrar, s\u00fckunet, g\u00fcvenli alan istedi\u011fi \u00e7ok\u00e7a dile getirilir. Ancak, gel g\u00f6r ki; tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flar\u0131 sermayenin ve sermaye pe\u015finde ko\u015fan iktidar g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin eseri olmu\u015ftur. Milyonlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lanan Birinci ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131 da sermaye g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 payla\u015fma daha do\u011frusu payla\u015famama sava\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu g\u00fcnlerde Ortado\u011fu ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da sava\u015fan, halklara sava\u015f dayatan, kan ak\u0131tanlar da bu k\u00fcresel sermaye g\u00fc\u00e7leridir.<\/p>\n Finans Kapital<\/strong>:\u00a0Paraya dayal\u0131-para \u00fczerinden geli\u015fen sermaye bi\u00e7imidir. Finans kapitalin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u2018Mali Sermaye\u2019dir. Finans ya da mali s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, paray\u0131-parasal muamelelerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. Finans kapital ise, para ve parasal i\u015flem \u00fczeri olu\u015fmu\u015f sermayeyi-para sermaye d\u00fczenini ifade eder. Finans kapitali olu\u015fturan unsurlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck banka, \u015firket-holding sahipleridir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle; para babalar\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak, finans\u0131n k\u00fcresel hegemonyas\u0131, sadece bu unsurlarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmiyor. Para sermaye, devlet tekeliyle, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle siyasal iktidarla bulu\u015ftu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u00fcresellik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere faizcilik, finans \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na has yeni bir durum de\u011fildir. Faizle para verip k\u00e2r etmek, tefecili\u011fin \u00f6z\u00fcd\u00fcr. Paray\u0131 satmak, paradan para kazanmak, kadim zamandan beri tefeci t\u00fcccar u\u011fra\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Banka ve borsa t\u00fcr\u00fc finans kurumlar\u0131 ise, tefecili\u011fin yasal stat\u00fcye kavu\u015fmu\u015f kurumsal ifadesi olmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, finans kapitalin ge\u00e7mi\u015fi-\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc, tefecili\u011fin, tefeci t\u00fcccar\u0131n \u00f6z \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc oluyor.<\/p>\n Tefecilik, tacir zihniyeti ve uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n en sapk\u0131n, en ahlaks\u0131z bi\u00e7imidir. Bu edim, zaman \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bir verip, fazlas\u0131yla geri almay\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Bu, bildi\u011fimiz faizciliktir. Tefeci usul\u00fc bor\u00e7land\u0131rma, borcunu \u00f6deyemez duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcp \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma-k\u00f6lele\u015ftirme, \u00e7ok eski bir iktidar uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r. Mal \u00fczeri yap\u0131lan bu muamele, zamanla para \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tefeci t\u00fcccar, insanlar\u0131n dar zamanlar\u0131n\u0131, s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flar. Tefeci, insanlar\u0131 fahi\u015f faizlerle bor\u00e7 alt\u0131na al\u0131r, borcunu \u00f6deyemez duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcp mal\u0131na-m\u00fclk\u00fcne, t\u00fcm var\u0131na el koyar. Tefecilik, bu \u00f6zelli\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, t\u00fcm toplum ve dinlerce lanetlenmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00fczdendir ki; faiz haram k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck dinler ve ahlak \u00f6\u011fretilerince tefecili\u011fe yol verilmemi\u015ftir. Ticaretin kendisi ahlak\u0131 zorlayan bir olgu iken, toplumun tefeciyi ho\u015f g\u00f6rmesi bu konuma gelmesine m\u00fcsaade vermesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Bu y\u00fczdendir ki, kapitalist geli\u015fme-tefecilik dinin, toplum ahlak\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu yerlerde \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yapamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kapitalist geli\u015fme, ahlak\u0131n en zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu ya da ahlaki \u00f6rt\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u0130ngiltere \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Avrupai devletler ticari ve sanayi sermaye tekelleri \u00fczerinden cihan imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirirken, ABD, ayn\u0131 \u015feyi finans kapital \u00fczerinden yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD, finans-para \u00fczerinden, iktidarla\u015f\u0131rken, finans kapital de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, k\u00fcresel iktidar\u0131n\u0131 ABD \u00fczerinden sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada siyasal-ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak paran\u0131n iktidar\u0131 b\u00f6yle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ABD cihan imparatorlu\u011funu \u0130ngiltere\u2019den devralm\u0131\u015f, 20. yy\u2019\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren finans sermaye, ticari ve sanayi sermayesini kendisine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Avrupai devletler, Birinci ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131yla birlikte y\u0131pran\u0131p, \u00f6nemli finansal kay\u0131plar ya\u015farken, ABD, d\u00fcnya sava\u015flar\u0131na i\u015ftirak etmeyerek, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc korumu\u015ftur. Bilim ve teknik olarak, \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler kaydetmi\u015f, n\u00fckleer g\u00fcce kavu\u015fmu\u015f, stokunda ciddi miktarlarda de\u011ferli maden biriktirmi\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda, Yahudi sermayesini arkas\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD, Avrupai devletlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 finansman kayb\u0131n\u0131 giderecek, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 hasarlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek tek devlet konumundayd\u0131. ABD bor\u00e7 para vermek yerine, Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu, (IMF) D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 gibi finans kurumlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden yard\u0131mda bulundu\u011fu devletleri kendisine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Finans \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n imparatorlu\u011funu bu geli\u015fmeler ba\u011flam\u0131nda sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n K\u00fcresel finans sistemi; IMF, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, Uluslararas\u0131 Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc; d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm merkez bankalar\u0131, k\u00fcresel bankalar, piyasa ve borsalar vb.\u00a0gibi finansal i\u015flem ve kurumlar \u00fczerinden geli\u015fir. Finans d\u00fczenine i\u015flerlik sa\u011flayan ba\u015fl\u0131ca kurumlar borsa ve bankalard\u0131r. Finans kapital, k\u00fcresel s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fczenini, s\u00f6zkonusu kurumlar \u00fczerinden in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir. Finans kapital, D\u00fcnya bankas\u0131, \u0130MF ve ba\u011fl\u0131 kurumlar yoluyla d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerini, \u00fclkelerdeki banka ve kurumlar\u0131 kendisine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 duruma getirmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcresel d\u00fczlemdeki para politikalar\u0131, piyasa kontrolleri bu kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130MF ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019na bor\u00e7lu olmayan d\u00fcnya \u00fclkesi yok gibidir. K\u00fcresel sermaye ve onun siyasal s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc ABD\u2019yle ili\u015fkili olup da bundan muaf olan \u00fclke yok gibidir. Bu ba\u011flamda, finans kapital, sadece ekonomi para haline gelmi\u015f d\u00fcnya ekonomisini de\u011fil, t\u00fcm devletleri bir \u015fekilde kendisine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6yle san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi d\u00fcnyada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z siyasi-ekonomik devlet yoktur. Devletler, bir \u015fekilde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale geldikleri finans g\u00fc\u00e7lerini dikkate alarak hareket ederler. Siyasetten ekonomiye, ekonomiden k\u00fclt\u00fcre, belirlenen politikalar finans kapitalle uyumlu olmak durumundad\u0131r. Buna uygun hareket etmeyen, ayk\u0131r\u0131 politikalara y\u00f6nelen h\u00fck\u00fcmetler finans g\u00fc\u00e7lerince ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilirler. Geli\u015fmekte olan siyasi ve askeri darbeler, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sava\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu k\u00fcresel finans g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin hesab\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Finans kapital, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc takdirde korkun\u00e7 sava\u015flar, katliam ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekten geri durmaz. Gerekti\u011finde, \u0130kiz Kuleler olay\u0131 gibi, kendi merkezinde bile b\u00fcy\u00fck katliamlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Yeter ki \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na uygun olsun, iktidarlar\u0131na hizmet etsin.<\/p>\n ABD, t\u00fcm uluslararas\u0131 organizasyonlarda oldu\u011fu gibi, k\u00fcresel finans d\u00fczeninde de yeg\u00e2ne ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011fa sahiptir. D\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm merkez bankalar\u0131 para basmak i\u00e7in, bas\u0131lacak paraya denk alt\u0131n ya da d\u00f6vizi piyasadan \u00e7ekerek oyuna kat\u0131l\u0131rlar. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z para bas\u0131m\u0131 enflasyona neden oldu\u011fundan rahatl\u0131kla ba\u015fvurulan bir yol de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir hayli maliyetli olmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum ABD i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. Dolar\u0131n alt\u0131n vb. bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yoktur. ABD\u2019nin merkez bankas\u0131 FED s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z para (dolar) basabilmektedir. D\u00fczenin kurucusu, sahibi olmas\u0131 itibariyle ABD ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Dolar\u0131n de\u011feri, g\u00fcc\u00fc ve dola\u015f\u0131m kapasitesi, ABD\u2019nin siyasal alan hegemonyas\u0131na denk bir seyir izlemektedir. K\u00fcresel finans g\u00fc\u00e7leri, para \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve bankalar \u00fczerinden siyasal ve ekonomik olu\u015fumlar\u0131 g\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcne al\u0131rken, ger\u00e7ek ekonomik faaliyet ve olu\u015fumlar\u0131 da bitirme noktas\u0131na getirmi\u015ftir. Finans \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, ekonomi, \u00fcretime dayal\u0131 ekonomik unsurlar \u00fczerinden geli\u015fen bir eylem olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm ekonomik unsur, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerin yerini para alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tar\u0131m ve sanayi temel ekonomik \u00fcretim olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, ekonomik unsur ve faaliyetlerin yerini para alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Para, finans \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fat de\u011feri ve en temel \u00fcretim \u00f6\u011fesidir.<\/p>\n Haliyle, para \u00fcreten, paray\u0131 tekelinde tutan finans kapitaller ekonomiyi ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir. Finans \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda temel iktidar g\u00fcc\u00fc haline gelen para, t\u00fcm ekonomik faaliyeti ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 etmi\u015ftir. De\u011fi\u015fim arac\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan para, zamanla en pop\u00fcler ve i\u015flevsel mala d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. E\u015fyayla her e\u015fya al\u0131namazken, her e\u015fya bir birine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femezken, para t\u00fcm e\u015fyalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilen ve her t\u00fcr e\u015fyay\u0131 alabilecek bir \u00f6\u011fe konuma gelmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda para, art\u0131k bir de\u011fi\u015fim arac\u0131 veya mal olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, her \u015feye kadir, t\u00fcm kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7abilecek bir unsura d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130nsan\u0131n, her hayalini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilece\u011fi, kudretli bir \u00f6zne ve ama\u00e7 konumuna gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6yle ki; parayla yap\u0131lamayacak \u015fey yok gibidir.<\/p>\n Paran\u0131n iktidar\u0131, sahip oldu\u011fu \u2018kudretin\u2019den ileri gelir. Paran\u0131n, insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmezi, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, tanr\u0131s\u0131 haline geldi\u011fi \u00e7a\u011fda, para tanr\u0131s\u0131 finans kapitaller insan ya\u015fam\u0131na h\u00fckmetmeye devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n Ekonomi d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 para, ekonominin yerini al\u0131nca, ger\u00e7ek ekonomi yok olma noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir. Para odakl\u0131 ekonomiyle birlikte, ekonomi ger\u00e7ek bir toplumsal faaliyet olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, finans sahiplerince sanal bir harekete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Toplumsal ahlak\u0131n-ahlaki varolu\u015fun temel alan\u0131-\u00f6\u011fesi olan ekonomi, para ekonomi \u00fczerinden insanda ahlaki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015fe-\u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Para \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, paraya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemeyen, parayla al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lmayan insani de\u011fer kalmam\u0131\u015f gibidir. Komutan paran\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ekonomisini, ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yitiren insan, para ekonomi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ahlaki-politik varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 anlama gelmek \u00fczere toplumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da yitirmeyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Finans kapitalle birlikte, tar\u0131m ve makinenin yerini banka, ekonomik pazar\u0131n yerini ise borsalar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Para en de\u011ferli mal haline gelince, ger\u00e7ek mal yerine paran\u0131n pazara sunulmas\u0131, para pazarlar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmu\u015ftur. Borsalar, ba\u015fta para olmak \u00fczere, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc menkul k\u0131ymetin, hisse senetleri ve de\u011ferli belgelerin vb. sunuldu\u011fu, al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, piyasa-finans pazarlar\u0131d\u0131r. Elektronik ortamda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen borsa, normal ticareti de \u00f6nemli oranda ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ekonomik, ticari faaliyet borsa yoluyla elektronik ortama ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ekonomi ger\u00e7ek manada sanalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek rakamlar\u0131n d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, fahi\u015f kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015flerin sahnelendi\u011fi piyasada, her t\u00fcrden spek\u00fclasyon, manip\u00fclasyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. \u0130lke azami kar olunca, spek\u00fclasyonun, her t\u00fcrden manip\u00fclasyonun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemler b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015flere yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, ekonomik dengeleri alt\u00fcst etti\u011fi halde, ilgili kurumlar sonsuz spek\u00fclasyonu savunmaktad\u0131r. Her t\u00fcrden vurgun ve hileye yer veren bu k\u00fcresel kumar sisteminde birileri bir anda milyon-milyar dolarlar kazan\u0131rken, birileri bir o kadar\u0131n\u0131, eldeki var\u0131n\u0131 yitirmektedir. As\u0131l kazanan ise piyasan\u0131n sahipleri, piyasay\u0131 iyi bilen, kontrol\u00fc elinde tutan spek\u00fclat\u00f6rler ve b\u00fcy\u00fck para babalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Belli aral\u0131klarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ekonomik krizler, baz\u0131 devletlerin, \u015firketlerin iflas\u0131na-\u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Ekonomik krizin nedenleri \u00fczerinde durulmakta, bu ba\u011flamda tedbirler geli\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ancak, piyasa d\u00fczeni sa\u011flanamamakta, ya\u015fanmakta olan krizlerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilememektedir. Kriz yap\u0131sald\u0131r. Sistemin kendisinden kaynaklan\u0131r. Azami kar odakl\u0131, fahi\u015f rakamlar\u0131n d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sistemde, krizin-krizlerin olmamas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Kazan\u00e7 olmadan sars\u0131nt\u0131, sars\u0131nt\u0131 olmadan da kazan\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez. Azami kar ve kazan\u00e7 d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fcne dayanan, her t\u00fcrden hile ve spek\u00fclasyona olanak sunan d\u00fczende istikrar\u0131n, normal bir ekonomik gidi\u015fat\u0131n beklenmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Banka ve borsaya tabi olmu\u015f ekonominin, rakamlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ekonomi paran\u0131n ger\u00e7ek ekonomik kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Amerika d\u00e2hil, bor\u00e7lu olmayan devlet, kurulu\u015f yok gibidir. Fahi\u015f rakamlarda seyreden bu borcun da bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoktur. Devletlere ait merkez bankalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi paralar bile bor\u00e7 al\u0131nan paralard\u0131r. Ekonomi ad\u0131na d\u00f6nen rakamlar ger\u00e7ek ekonomik var\u0131n, paran\u0131n katbekat \u00fcst\u00fcndedir. Alabildi\u011fine \u015fi\u015firilmi\u015f bu balonun patlamas\u0131 halinde, ekonomi denen sanal varl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6kecektir. Ya\u015fanan ekonomik krizlerin temel nedenlerinden biri de \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bo\u015f olan s\u00f6zkonusu balondur. Balon hava ka\u00e7\u0131rmakta, delik g\u00fcnbeg\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fcmektedir. Ekonomik sars\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n, dalgalanman\u0131n as\u0131l ve g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir nedeni de budur.<\/p>\n Ekonomi olgusu ahlak\u0131n temelidir. Toplumun, insan\u0131n ekonomiye yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 neyse ahlak\u0131 da odur. Ahlak\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, temeli eldekinin nas\u0131l payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131p-t\u00fcketilece\u011fi \u00fczerinedir. Bu ba\u011flamda ekonomiye yakla\u015f\u0131m, ekonomiyi payla\u015f\u0131m bi\u00e7imi neyse insan ahlak\u0131 da odur. Ekonomik konunun, ekonomiye yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ahlak\u0131 bu denli zorlamas\u0131 bundand\u0131r. Ahlaki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn temel nedeni budur. \u00dcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck ekonomiden kopu\u015f varsa, dahas\u0131 ekonomik var\u0131n elinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fsa, toplumsal varl\u0131ktan, temel insani ve ahlaki varolu\u015ftan bahsedilemez. Bu ba\u011flamda, finans kapitale, ekonomi paraya kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek ekonomiye, dahas\u0131 ahlaka d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapmak \u015fartt\u0131r. Ekonomiyi, ger\u00e7ek ekonomik alanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 tefeci d\u00fczene terk etmemeli, y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc bankalara ve para babalar\u0131n\u0131n malik\u00e2nelerine d\u00f6nmemeli. Tar\u0131ma, ekolojik ekonomik end\u00fcstriye, TOPRA\u011eA D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e ZAMANI demeliyiz. Yap\u0131lacak tek \u015fey, biraz sevgi, emek ve finans canavar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ekonomik alanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlemektir.<\/p>\n \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Nurhak SERHAT Bir uygarl\u0131k icad\u0131 olarak para, ticari tarihin belli evrelerinden sonra hayat\u0131m\u0131za girmi\u015ftir. Bir de\u011fi\u015fim arac\u0131 olmas\u0131, dahas\u0131; arac\u0131 bir meta olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 bu olguyu, toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmezi-belirleyeni haline getirmi\u015ftir. Bir tacir bulu\u015fu-icad\u0131 olan para, de\u011fer y\u00fcklenmi\u015f bir arac\u0131dan (metadan) en de\u011ferli-kudretli metaya terfi etmi\u015ftir. Finans \u00e7a\u011f\u0131yla birlikte, toplumun t\u00fcm var\u0131n\u0131, mukaddesat\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":541,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-557","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomi-ekoloji"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/557","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=557"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":558,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/557\/revisions\/558"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/541"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=557"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=557"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}