<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Toplam n\u00fcfus:7-10 milyon Aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir<\/p>\n
\u00d6nemli n\u00fcfusa sahip b\u00f6lgeler: Ermenistan: 3.229.900, Rusya:2.500.000, ABD:1.500.000,<\/p>\n
Fransa:750.000, \u0130ran:560.415, G\u00fcrcistan:348.900, Suriye:190.000, L\u00fcbnan:140.000,<\/p>\n
Arjantin:134.000, Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f Cumhuriyeti: 146.573, Ukrayna:100.000 T\u00fcrkiye:76.000, \u00dcrd\u00fcn:70.000,Irak:60.000, Almanya:42.000, Brezilya:40.000 Avustralya:37.000, Yunanistan:35.000, Kanada:34.000, \u00d6zbekistan:33.000 T\u00fcrkmenistan:30.000, Macaristan:30.000, Beyaz Rusya Belarus:24.000, Uruguay:19.000<\/p>\n
Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k:18.000, Kazakistan:15.000, Bulgaristan:10.832, M\u0131s\u0131r:10.000<\/p>\n
\u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti:10.000, Polonya:262, Di\u011fer \u00fclkeler:100.000<\/p>\n
Dil(ler):Ermenice<\/p>\n
Din(ler):Genellikle Hristiyanl\u0131k(Apostolik, Katolik, Protestan, Ortodoks), Az say\u0131da \u0130sl\u00e2m<\/p>\n
\u0130lgili etnik gruplar:Hem\u015finliler – Hint-Avrupa halklar\u0131<\/p>\n
Etimoloji:Ermeni,Ermenistan’da ve D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerinde ya\u015fayan bir ulus veya etnik gruba verilen add\u0131r. Bir Hint-Avrupa halk\u0131 olup tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 ilk yer Anadolu’dur. 7 ile 10 milyon aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen toplam n\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 noktalar\u0131na da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda olup Ermenistan’da ise 3 milyondur.Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelere da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 7.000.000 civar\u0131nda Ermeni bulunmaktad\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la dek b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Osmanl\u0131 ve \u0130ran imparatorluklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan Ermeniler, bu tarihten itibaren \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesine da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu da\u011f\u0131lma olay\u0131na ve da\u011f\u0131lma sonucu \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fayan Ermeni topluluklar\u0131na topluca Ermeni diasporas\u0131 ad\u0131 verilir. Diasporada Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler Rusya, ABD ve Fransa’d\u0131r. \u0130ran ve T\u00fcrkiye Ermenileri kendilerini diaspora kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmemektedirler. 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na dek Anadolu’da ya\u015fayan halk 1915’te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Tehcir Kanunu ile Anadolu’dan Orta Do\u011fu’ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn boyunca n\u00fcfusun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yolda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f, di\u011ferleri ise Rusya, \u0130ran gibi \u00fclkeler ile Azerilerin yo\u011fun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 (G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n Kvemo Kartli b\u00f6lgesi, Ermenistan ve Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f) yak\u0131n co\u011frafyalara ve Fransa, ABD, Kanada ve Avustralya gibi uzak \u00fclkelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir. Bu uzak g\u00f6\u00e7lerle birlikte Ermeni diasporas\u0131 meydana gelmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ran’da bulunan Ermeni az\u0131nl\u0131klar diaspora tan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7erisine girmemektedirler.<\/p>\n
Dil: Ermenice, Hint-Avrupa dil ailesi i\u00e7inde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir koldur. Yukar\u0131 F\u0131rat ve Aras havzas\u0131nda M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaydedilmi\u015f ve 405 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Ermeni alfabesi ile yaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Din adam\u0131 Mesrop Ma\u015ftots (y. 361-441) taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilerek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek kullan\u0131lan Ermeni alfabesi 38 harften olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
Modern Ermenice yaz\u0131 leh\u00e7eleri, \u0130stanbul merkezli olarak geli\u015fen Bat\u0131 Ermenicesi ile, \u0130sfahan merkezli olarak yay\u0131lan Do\u011fu Ermenicesidir. Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti’nin resm\u00ee dili Do\u011fu Ermenicesidir. Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerindeki Ermeni diasporas\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde Bat\u0131 Ermenicesi daha yayg\u0131n olmakla birlikte, son y\u0131llarda Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti’nin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkisinin artmas\u0131yla birlikte Do\u011fu Ermenicesi giderek \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Din\u00ee kimlik:Ermeni toplumu, geleneksel tarih anlat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re MS 301 y\u0131l\u0131nda “Ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131” (Lusavori\u00e7) lakab\u0131yla an\u0131lan Aziz Gregor’un \u00f6nderli\u011finde Hristiyan dinini kabul etmi\u015ftir. Yayg\u0131n bir kan\u0131ya g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyada Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmi olarak kabul eden ilk devlet Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’d\u0131r. Ancak 451 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kalkedon Konsili’nde Roma Kilisesi ile Do\u011fu kiliseleri aras\u0131nda do\u011fan doktrin farklar\u0131 ve siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmeler nedeniyle Ermeni Kilisesi, Ortodoks\/Katolik d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla yolunu ay\u0131rarak Oryantal Ortodoks kiliselerinden biri oldu. Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermenilere ilk tan\u0131tanlar olduklar\u0131na inan\u0131lan, \u0130sa Mesih’in havarileri Taday ve Bartalmay’a dayanarak Ermeni Apostolik Kilisesi ad\u0131n\u0131 alan ulusal kilise, Bat\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklarda (Ermeni kilisesinin kurucusu olan Aziz Gregor’a atfen) Gregoryen ad\u0131yla da an\u0131l\u0131r.Ermenilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Ermeni Apostolik Kilisesi’ne mensuptur. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Katolik Ermeni cemaati ve az say\u0131da Protestan Ermeni de mevcuttur.5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda (428 y\u0131l) eski Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ile birlikte Ermeni Apostolik Kilisesine mensup olmak Ermenili\u011fin ba\u015fl\u0131ca tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 unsuru olarak de\u011ferlendirilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, ulusal mezhebi terkederek mesela Ortodoks kilisesine ba\u011flanan Ermeniler, Rum olarak kabul edilmi\u015fler, yine ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan \u00f6nce ve sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul eden Ermeniler de zamanla Arap, Fars, T\u00fcrk ya da K\u00fcrt kimliklerini benimsemi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00e7e:Tarihin babas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Hellen tarih\u00e7isi Heredot; Ermeniler’i, Trakya k\u00f6kenli bir halk olan Frigler’in (Frigyal\u0131lar) do\u011fuya, Urartu b\u00f6lgesine y\u00f6nelen bir kolu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.Ermeniler; Balkanlar’dan Anadolu’ya gelen, Hint-Avrupa k\u00f6kenli ve Trak-Frig soyundand\u0131rlar. Frigler’in bir kolu, \u0130lliryal\u0131lar(Arnavutlar)’\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla M.\u00d6. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Do\u011fu Anadolu’ya g\u00f6\u00e7ederek yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. B\u00f6ylece b\u00f6lgenin eski halklar\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 (Urartular, Hurriler) ve baz\u0131 Kafkas k\u00f6kenli yerli halklarla beraber bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ermeni toplumunu meydana getirdiler.<\/p>\n
Ermeniler kendilerine Hay ve \u00fclkelerine Hayastan veya Hayk ad\u0131n\u0131 verirler. Yabanc\u0131 uluslar\u0131n Ermeni \u00fclkesi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 bir terim olan Armina veya Arminiya ilk kez M.\u00d6. 510 tarihli Eski Fars\u00e7a (Pers\u00e7e) Bisutun yaz\u0131t\u0131nda kaydedilmi\u015ftir.Eski Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Arminiya eyaleti (satrapl\u0131\u011f\u0131) Van G\u00f6l\u00fc havzas\u0131 merkez olmak \u00fczere A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6resi ve Aras ve Arpa\u00e7ay vadileri ile en Bat\u0131da El\u00e2z\u0131\u011f ve Erzincan y\u00f6resini i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde Yukar\u0131 F\u0131rat havzas\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktayd\u0131. Ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lge Antik \u00c7a\u011f boyunca Eski Yunan ve Latin kaynaklar\u0131nda Armenia, \u0130slamiyet d\u00f6nemine ait Arap kaynaklar\u0131nda ise Armaniyya\/Ermeniyye olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Eski Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131-k\u00fcrdistanda ya\u015fam ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri:Eski Fars (Pers) \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun son d\u00f6neminde Arminiya eyaletinin siyasi \u00f6neminin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgenin imparatorluk b\u00fcnyesindeki iktidar m\u00fccadelelerinde \u00f6n planda rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Fars \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun Makedonyal\u0131 III. Aleksander taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan (M.\u00d6. 331) bir s\u00fcre sonra b\u00f6lgede, biri Aras Vadisinde, di\u011feri Sophene (Elaz\u0131\u011f) havalisinde odaklanan iki ayr\u0131 krall\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her iki devletin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar s\u00fclaleleri \u0130ran y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 k\u00f6kenli olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmekle birlikte, Suriye ve Anadolu’da egemen olan Helenistik devletlerle yak\u0131n ili\u015fkiler kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Suriye’de Selevkoslar Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00fczerine Ermenistan Kral\u0131 II. Tigran (M.\u00d6. 95 – 55) Yukar\u0131 Mezopotamya ve Suriye’ye do\u011fru yay\u0131lma siyaseti izleyerek egemenli\u011fini bug\u00fcnk\u00fc L\u00fcbnan’\u0131n g\u00fcneyine dek geni\u015fletmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tigran, ba\u015fkentini de Diyarbak\u0131r (Amida) yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kurdu\u011fu Tigranakert (Tigranocerta) kentine ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Do\u011fu Akdeniz’de g\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesinin bozulmas\u0131ndan rahats\u0131z olan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun m\u00fcdahalesi \u00fczerine Tigran, Pompeius komutas\u0131ndaki Roma kuvvetlerine yenilmi\u015f ve fethetti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 terke mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la dek Ermeni krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, bir yandan Roma, di\u011fer yandan \u0130ran’da kurulan Part ve daha sonra Sasani imparatorluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir t\u00fcr “tampon b\u00f6lge” g\u00f6revi \u00fcstlendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Krallar s\u0131k s\u0131k d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin m\u00fcdahaleleriyle de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, hatta kraliyet hanedan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yabanc\u0131 as\u0131ll\u0131 ki\u015filer zaman zaman Roma veya \u0130ran bask\u0131s\u0131yla kral atanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kraliyet makam\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde yerel bey hanedanlar\u0131 (nakharar ‘lar) g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da beylikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli nakharar hanedanlar\u0131 Mu\u015f’ta Mamigonyan’lar, Kars’ta Gamsaragan’lar, \u0130spir’de, daha sonra Kars, Ardanu\u00e7 ve Mu\u015f’ta Bagratuni’ler, Ba\u015fkale ve Van’da Ardzruni’ler, Geva\u015f’ta R\u015ftuni’ler, Tekman’da Vahevuni’ler, Erci\u015f’te Abahuni’ler, Malazgirt’te Knuni’lerdir.<\/p>\n
387 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan, Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Sasani \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu tarihte \u00e7izilen ve Erzurum-Silvan-Nusaybin hatt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en s\u0131n\u0131r, yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 y\u0131l boyunca Bizans-\u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bat\u0131 Ermenistan bu tarihten itibaren Bizans taraf\u0131ndan atanan (fakat \u00e7o\u011funlukla yerel nakharar ailelerinden gelen) askeri valilerce y\u00f6netilirken, Do\u011fu Ermenistan’da kraliyet hanedan\u0131 421 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, bu tarihten sonra do\u011fuda da \u0130ran taraf\u0131ndan atanan valiler (vostikan ‘lar) d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak 451 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130ran Sasani imparatorlugu Ermenilerin dini se\u00e7imlerini zor kullanarak de\u011fi\u015ftirmek istedi\u011finde, Ermeni beylerinin temsilcisi (sparabed) Vartan Mamigonyan \u00f6nderli\u011finde \u0130ran’a kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan sava\u015f yenilgi ile sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermeniler yenildi\u011fi halde \u0130ranl\u0131lar Ermeniler’e dinde \u00f6zerkliklerini geri vermi\u015flerdir. Bu nedenle Ermeniler aras\u0131nda bu yenilgi asl\u0131nda bir ba\u015far\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ermeni \u00fclkesi 640-653 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen seferler sonucunda Arap egemenli\u011fine girmi\u015ftir. Ancak Halifelik y\u00f6netimi b\u00f6lgede do\u011frudan bir \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma veya Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 uygulamayarak, yerel nakharar s\u00fclalelerine geni\u015f \u00f6zerklik tan\u0131yan bir d\u00fczen kurmu\u015ftur.9. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda Abbasi Halifeli\u011finin zay\u0131flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Bizans’\u0131n Ermeni beylerini kazanmaya y\u00f6nelik politikalar geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Ba\u011fdat y\u00f6netiminin de Arap yanl\u0131s\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nan Bagratl\u0131lar ve Ardzruniler gibi nakharar ailelerini destekleme yoluna gitti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. 806’da Halife Harun\u00fcrre\u015fid Bagratl\u0131lar\u00b4dan “Et Yiyen” lakab\u0131yla an\u0131lan A\u015fot’u “Ermenistan Emiri” ilan etmi\u015ftir. Kendisinin torunu olan bir ba\u015fka A\u015fot Bagratuni 886’da “\u015eehin\u015fah-\u0131 Armen” s\u0131fat\u0131yla Ermenistan tac\u0131n\u0131 giymi\u015ftir. Kars ve Ani kentlerinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Bagratuni’lere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Geva\u015f ve Akdamar Adas\u0131’nda yerle\u015fik olan Ardzruni hanedan\u0131 onlara rakip bir Ermenistan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131na giri\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Her iki krall\u0131k i\u00e7 kavgalar ve hanedan m\u00fccadeleleriyle b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc halde, 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ve 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda, bug\u00fcne kadar kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k ve sanat eserleri ortaya koydular. Akdamar Adas\u0131’ndaki Surp Ha\u00e7 Kilisesi ve Kars, Ani ve Artvin y\u00f6resindeki bir\u00e7ok an\u0131tsal yap\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemin eseridir.<\/p>\n
11. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda tamamen par\u00e7alanan Arap imparatorlu\u011funun b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015flukta Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ata\u011fa ge\u00e7erek b\u00f6lgedeki Ermeni devletlerini teker teker egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Malazgirt 993’te, Ardanu\u00e7 ve Yusufeli 1000’de, Ardzruni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 1020’de, Ani 1045’te, Kars 1064’te Bizans’a boyun e\u011fer. Yenilgiye u\u011frayan Ermeni beyleri Bizans Devleti taraf\u0131ndan F\u0131rat’\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki eski Rum topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilerek, maiyetleri ile birlikte Sivas, Kayseri, Mara\u015f, Antep ve Kilikya b\u00f6lgelerine isk\u00e2n edilirler.<\/p>\n
Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Anadolu’da Bizans egemenli\u011finin iflas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Bizans topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki Ermeni askeri \u015feflerinin baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7-do\u011fu Anadolu’da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z veya \u00f6zerk(yar\u0131-ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z) beylikler kurmu\u015ftur. Bu beyliklerin \u00e7o\u011fu 1080’den sonra T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan tasfiye edildi ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ederek T\u00fcrkle\u015firken,Kilikya (\u00c7ukurova) b\u00f6lgesinde Sis (Kozan) ve Anavarza kalelerinde yerle\u015fik olan Rupenyan Beyli\u011fi yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 y\u0131l boyunca ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kimli\u011fini korumay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk ve \u0130ran egemenli\u011fi: Ermeniler’in vatan\u0131 11. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren \u00e7e\u015fitli T\u00fcrk ve \u0130ran devletlerinin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Eski Ermeni yerle\u015fim merkezleri 13. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ran sava\u015flar\u0131 sonucu b\u00fcy\u00fck tahribata u\u011frarken, b\u00f6lgeden T\u00fcrk ve \u0130ran devletlerinin siyasi ve ekonomik merkezlerine do\u011fru \u00f6nemli bir Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc vuku bulmu\u015ftu.1606’da Safevi \u015eah\u0131 I. Abbas \u0130sfahan yak\u0131n\u0131nda Yeni Culfa kentini kurarak Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve Kars’tan getirdi\u011fi 150.000 Ermeniyi buraya isk\u00e2n ettirdi. Bu tarihten itibaren Yeni Culfa, \u0130stanbul ile birlikte Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki merkezinden biri olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ermeni Reform Hareketi ve milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin do\u011fu\u015fu:Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileri aras\u0131nda Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma ve reform hareketlerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131na dayan\u0131r. 1701 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sivas’l\u0131 Mkhitar Vartabed \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u0130stanbul’da ba\u015flayan reform hareketi, k\u0131z ve erkek \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in modern okullar a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, eski kilise Ermenicesi yerine \u0130stanbul halk diline dayal\u0131 yeni yaz\u0131 dilinin geli\u015ftirilmesi, Bat\u0131 dillerinden kitaplar \u00e7evrilmesi, ve reformlara direnen Kilise y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 sivil siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. Zaman zaman sert m\u00fccadelelere sahne olan reform hareketi, 1860’ta Padi\u015fah Abd\u00fclmecid taraf\u0131ndan Ermeni Milleti Nizamnamesi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bu Nizamname ile kurulan Ermeni Millet Meclisi Osmanl\u0131 Devletindeki ilk temsili parlamenter organ niteli\u011finde olup, 1876 Kanun-u Esasi’si ile kurulan Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi’ne de \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ermeni toplumu i\u00e7inde devrimci ve milliyet\u00e7i ak\u0131mlar 1870’lerin sonunda II. Abd\u00fclhamid’in gayrim\u00fcslimlere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bask\u0131c\u0131 hareketler sonucu olarak, \u00f6zellikle Avrupa’da e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren \u00fcniversite gen\u00e7li\u011fi aras\u0131nda boy g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.Sosyalist ve devrimci nitelikteki ilk \u00f6rg\u00fct olan H\u0131n\u00e7ak (“\u00c7an”) 1887’de \u0130svi\u00e7re’nin Cenevre kentinde \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencisi Avedis Nazarbekyan ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. 1890’da Tiflis’te Kristapor Mikaelyan, Stepan Zoryan ve Simon Zavaryan taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Ermeni Devrimci Federasyonu ya da yayg\u0131n ad\u0131yla Ta\u015fnaksutyun (“Federasyon”), k\u0131sa zamanda H\u0131n\u00e7ak’\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ikinci plana iterek, ulus\u00e7u hareketin ana \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1895’te Ta\u015fnaksutyun \u00f6nderli\u011finde Do\u011fu Anadolu’da giri\u015filen protesto y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, II. Abd\u00fclhamid’in y\u00f6netimince sert bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Protestonun amac\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klara yap\u0131lan bask\u0131n\u0131n durudurulmas\u0131n\u0131n istenmesi idi. 1895 olaylar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman “Birinci Ermeni Katliam\u0131” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Abd\u00fclhamid saltanat\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ermeni Devrimci Federasyonu rejime kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fin \u00f6nemli bir n\u00fcvesini olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve bu niteli\u011fiyle \u0130ttihat ve Terakki \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne de model ve m\u00fcttefik olmu\u015ftur. 1908 Devrimi’nde \u0130ttihat ve Terakki ile Ta\u015fnaksutyun beraber hareket etmi\u015flerdir. Ancak ihtilalden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra iki \u00f6rg\u00fct aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, ve iktidar partisinin eski m\u00fcttefikleri hakk\u0131ndaki ku\u015fkular\u0131, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’nin 1912’den itibaren belirginle\u015fen Ermeni aleyhtar\u0131 politikas\u0131nda rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileri: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kurulu\u015f d\u00f6neminde Ermeniler, genellikle \u00c7ukurova, Serhat ile Kafkasya b\u00f6lgelerinde bulunan beylikler alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. Bursa’n\u0131n ba\u015fkent oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Ermeni ruhani reisli\u011fi ba\u015fkente al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130stanbul’un fethinden sonra da \u0130stanbul’a ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve daha sonra da \u0130stanbul Ermeni Patrikhanesi kurdurulmu\u015f. Refah ve huzur i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan Ermeniler Anadolu’dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7lerle \u0130stanbul’da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir cemaat olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimindeki di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klar gibi Ermeniler de askere gitmedikleri gibi, gerek b\u00fcrokraside gerekse ticari hayatta kilit noktalar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek suretiyle, toplum i\u00e7inde \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Abb\u00e2s\u00ee ordusunda yer alan T\u00fcrk kumandan ve ailelerin Ermenilerle ili\u015fkileri olsa da Ermeniler ile T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131ndaki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 ili\u015fliler 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, 1015-1020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti Sultan\u0131 Alp Arslan’\u0131n babas\u0131 \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Bey’in Do\u011fu Anadolu’ya d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bir ke\u015fif s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu y\u0131llarda Ermeniler, Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu himayesinde ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. 1071’deki Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi’nde Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n galip gelmesi ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Anadolu’ya yerle\u015fmesinin ard\u0131ndan Do\u011fu Roma himayesinde ya\u015fayan Ermeniler Klikya b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015ferek, burada Do\u011fu Roma’ya ba\u011fl\u0131 bir prenslik kurdu. Bu prenslik, 1375 y\u0131l\u0131nda Meml\u00fbk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6lgenin 15 ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesiyle, buradaki Ermeniler Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fine girdi.I. Selim’in 1514-1516’da G\u00fcney Kafkasya ve Do\u011fu Anadolu’yu fethetmesiyle buradaki Ermeniler de ayn\u0131 cemaat b\u00fcnyesine al\u0131narak \u0130stanbul Patrikli\u011fine ba\u011fland\u0131.Tanzimat ile gayrim\u00fcslimlere askerlik m\u00fckellefiyeti getirilmi\u015f, devlet memuriyetleriyle idari ve askeri okullara girmelerine izin verilmi\u015ftir. 1914 Osmanl\u0131 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, imp.luk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki Ermenilerin toplam\u0131 1.229.007’ydi.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda Ermeniler: Ermenistan, 16.ve 17.yy.da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ermeni milleti olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Ermenilere, Kostantiniyye Ermeni Patrikhanesi’nin ruhani lideri \u00f6nderlik ediyordu. B\u00fcy\u00fck cemaatlerin bat\u0131 illerinde, \u00f6zellikle ba\u015fkent Kostantiniyye’de de ya\u015famas\u0131na ra\u011fmen n\u00fcfus, T\u00fcrkiye Ermenistan\u0131 ya da Bat\u0131 Ermenistan olarak da an\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun do\u011fu illerinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Halk; ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu Ermeni Apostolik mezhebinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Ermeni Katolik ve Ermeni Protestan mezheplerine de ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Millet sistemi sayesinde, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmeti taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapsaml\u0131 m\u00fcdahaleler say\u0131lmazsa Ermeni toplumuna kendilerini kendi sistemleri alt\u0131nda y\u00f6netme hakk\u0131 verilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcrdistan’da Ermeniler, T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt kom\u015fular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan zaman zaman a\u011f\u0131r vergi uygulamalar\u0131na, haydutlu\u011fa ve adam ka\u00e7\u0131rmalara maruz kalmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130slam’a ge\u00e7meye zorlanmaktayd\u0131 ve bunlar yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde merkez\u00ee ya da yerel makamlar\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmekteydi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkelerde uygulanan zimm\u00ee sistemine uygun olarak Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda da Hristiyan ve ayr\u0131ca Yahudilere tan\u0131nan belirli \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler vard\u0131. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun zimm\u00ee sistemi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00d6mer Pakt\u0131 \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. Az\u0131nl\u0131klara ya\u015fama ve ibadet \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc haklar\u0131 tahsis edilmi\u015fti ancak \u00f6z\u00fcnde ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f vatanda\u015f konumundayd\u0131lar ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede k\u00e2fir ya da imans\u0131z anlamlar\u0131na gelen g\u00e2vur s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir \u015fekilde adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ermenilere ve Rumlara benzer \u015fekilde uygulananlar\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fini tam olarak anlamak istiyorsak daha eski bir zamana gitmemiz gerekir. Bu dini anlamda zul\u00fcm demek de\u011fildi; kelimelerle anlat\u0131lamayan bir hor g\u00f6rmeydi … Onlar [Ermeniler ve Rumlar] k\u00f6pek ve domuz gibi muamele g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131; temel \u00f6zellikleri Hristiyan olmakt\u0131, nefret edilmekti, e\u011fer g\u00f6lgeleri bir T\u00fcrk’\u00fc karanl\u0131kta b\u0131rakt\u0131ysa eziyet \u00e7ekmekti, bir T\u00fcrk’\u00fcn ayaklar\u0131ndaki \u00e7amuru sildi\u011fi paspas olmakt\u0131. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar s\u00fcren k\u00f6leli\u011fin, hakarete ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmaya u\u011framan\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz sonucunu; ne mal\u0131, evi, can\u0131, bedeni ne de ailesi direnirken uygulanan ve \u00f6l\u00fcm anlam\u0131na gelen \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kutsal veya g\u00fcvende olan bir Ermeni’nin kendisine ait hi\u00e7bir \u015feyinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 zihnimizde canland\u0131ral\u0131m.<\/p>\n
…<\/p>\n
(Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 sitemizde pdf dosyas\u0131 olarak “K\u00fcrdistan’da Ya\u015fayan Halklar ve \u0130nan\u00e7lar” konulu Kom\u00fcnar dergisinden okuyabilirsiniz.)<\/strong><\/p>\n \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Toplam n\u00fcfus:7-10 milyon Aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir \u00d6nemli n\u00fcfusa sahip b\u00f6lgeler: Ermenistan: 3.229.900, Rusya:2.500.000, ABD:1.500.000, Fransa:750.000, \u0130ran:560.415, G\u00fcrcistan:348.900, Suriye:190.000, L\u00fcbnan:140.000, Arjantin:134.000, Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f Cumhuriyeti: 146.573, Ukrayna:100.000 T\u00fcrkiye:76.000, \u00dcrd\u00fcn:70.000,Irak:60.000, Almanya:42.000, Brezilya:40.000 Avustralya:37.000, Yunanistan:35.000, Kanada:34.000, \u00d6zbekistan:33.000 T\u00fcrkmenistan:30.000, Macaristan:30.000, Beyaz Rusya Belarus:24.000, Uruguay:19.000 Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k:18.000, Kazakistan:15.000, Bulgaristan:10.832, M\u0131s\u0131r:10.000 \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti:10.000, Polonya:262, Di\u011fer \u00fclkeler:100.000 Dil(ler):Ermenice Din(ler):Genellikle Hristiyanl\u0131k(Apostolik, Katolik, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":817,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-816","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarihsel-toplum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=816"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":818,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816\/revisions\/818"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=816"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=816"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}