{"id":860,"date":"2023-08-08T18:27:46","date_gmt":"2023-08-08T18:27:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/?p=860"},"modified":"2023-08-08T18:27:46","modified_gmt":"2023-08-08T18:27:46","slug":"suriyenin-yuzyillik-seruveni-ve-kurtler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tirki.komunar.net\/?p=860","title":{"rendered":"Suriye\u2019nin y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k ser\u00fcveni ve K\u00fcrtler"},"content":{"rendered":"

RAUF KARAKO\u00c7AN<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Suriye\u2019nin gelece\u011fine ili\u015fkin Kuzey ve Do\u011fu Suriye \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netiminin politik hatt\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm perspektifinin hayat bulmas\u0131, birlikte ya\u015fam i\u00e7in demokratik idari sistemin kurulmas\u0131, kal\u0131c\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda Suriye sorununu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 konular\u0131 giderek \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r. Suriye sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm ararken, ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarihi perspektiften bakmak ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131klardan dersler \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in gereklidir. B\u00f6lgesel alt\u00fcst olu\u015flar, d\u0131\u015f i\u015fgaller, k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7lerin hegomonik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, i\u00e7 b\u00fcnyedeki dini, etnik \u00e7eli\u015fkiler, monar\u015fiye dayanan iktidarlar\u0131, ideolojik altyap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, ulus devlet karakterlerini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmakta fayda vard\u0131r. Suriye bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan baz al\u0131narak Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun en kilit \u00fclkelerinden biri olmas\u0131 nedeniyle tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fine k\u0131saca da olsa de\u011finmek sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne katk\u0131 i\u00e7in gereklidir. Suriye\u2019nin y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fini \u00fc\u00e7 temel d\u00f6nemde ele alarak bakmak belki daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Fransa s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi olarak Suriye <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bil\u00e2du\u2019\u015f-\u015eam olarak an\u0131lan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Suriye\u2019si yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 y\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 (1516-1918) egemenli\u011finde kald\u0131. \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa aras\u0131nda 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan Sykse-Picot anla\u015fmas\u0131yla Suriye (1920-1946) Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesine ge\u00e7ti. Frans\u0131zlar kendisi i\u00e7in tehdit olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Arap Suni \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa kar\u015f\u0131 Suriye\u2019de Nusayri, H\u0131ristiyan ve D\u00fcrz\u00ee az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 destekleyerek Manda sistemini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek istedi. Dini ve etnik guruplar\u0131 birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 kullanarak denetim sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde K\u00fcrtler az\u0131nl\u0131k olarak bile kabul g\u00f6rmemi\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu vatanda\u015fl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde dahi say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

26 y\u0131l Fransa i\u015fgalinde kalan Suriye ikinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131yla birlikte Ortado\u011fu\u2019da meydana gelen siyasi sistem de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle birlikte yeni bir bi\u00e7im kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ortado\u011fu\u2019da Irak, L\u00fcbnan, \u00dcrd\u00fcn gibi \u00fclkelerle birlikte Suriye\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Fakat d\u00f6nemin siyasi yetersizlikleri, ekonomide ki zay\u0131fl\u0131klar, \u0130dari yap\u0131n\u0131n monar\u015filerde olmas\u0131, b\u00f6lgeyi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Fransa s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin temel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi derinle\u015ftirmek ve kal\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmek i\u00e7in Suriye\u2019nin temel \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinden yararlanma, b\u00f6l-par\u00e7ala-y\u00f6net takti\u011fine uygun davranmakt\u0131r. Arap Suni \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klara yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmas\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerine dayanarak manda sistemini devam ettirmesi temelinde olmu\u015ftur. Bug\u00fcn Suriye\u2019de %10 luk n\u00fcfuslar\u0131yla az\u0131nl\u0131k durumunda olan Arap Aleviler (Nusayriler) iktidarda ise bunda Fransa\u2019n\u0131n hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r derecede pay\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Fransa\u2019n\u0131n 15 Nisan 1946 da b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7ekilmesiyle birlikte iki g\u00fcn sonra yani 17 Nisan\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. B\u00f6lgenin kaos ve karma\u015fas\u0131nda Suriye\u2019de nasibini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi bir nevi darbeler d\u00f6nemidir. Monar\u015fi iktidarlar\u0131n denetiminde Arap ulus milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin geli\u015fti\u011fi bu y\u0131llar da ulus devletin temel ta\u015flar\u0131 da at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Suriye darbeler \u00fclkesi olarak kanl\u0131 i\u00e7 m\u00fccadelelere sahne oldu. Baas Partisinin iktidara gelmesiyle birlikte parti i\u00e7i kanatlar\u0131n m\u00fccadeleleri de bir o kadar kanl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Darbeler d\u00f6nemi Suriye<\/strong><\/p>\n

Darbeler d\u00f6nemi (1946-1970) Suriye\u2019nin en sanc\u0131l\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7leridir. 1948 de ya\u015fanan Arap-\u0130srail sava\u015f\u0131nda meydana gelen siyasi, askeri, idari, ekonomik sorunlar gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilerek ilk askeri darbe yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. D\u00f6nemin genelkurmay ba\u015fkan\u0131 H\u00fcsn\u00fc Zaim 30 Mart 1949 da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 askeri darbe ile t\u00fcm siyasi partileri kapatarak kendisini devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci askeri darbe ise be\u015f ay sonra geldi, 14 A\u011fustos 1949 da yap\u0131lan darbe ile y\u00f6netime el koyan Sami Hinnavi, eski darbeci devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Zaim ve Ba\u015fbakan Muhsin Barazi\u2019yi yolsuzluklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 idam ederek yerine Ha\u015fim Attasi \u00f6nderli\u011finde ge\u00e7ici bir y\u00f6netim kurdu.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc darbe ise yine ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde d\u00f6rt ay sonra 19 Aral\u0131k 1949 da Albay Edip \u015ei\u015fekli \u00f6nderli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Darbeci Albay \u015ei\u015fekli, Ekrem Houriani \u00f6nderli\u011finde sivil bir anayasa haz\u0131rlanarak yeni bir y\u00f6netim kurdu. Ancak beklenen istikrar sa\u011flanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc darbe yine Albay Edip \u015ei\u015fekli taraf\u0131nda 28 Kas\u0131m 1951 de yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bakanlar kurulu da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Fevzi Silo ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeni bir kabine olu\u015fturdu. \u015ei\u015fekli bask\u0131c\u0131 bir rejim kurarak kendi partisi olan Arap \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hareketi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn partileri kapatt\u0131. Tek partili s\u00fcre\u00e7 ya\u015fand\u0131. 1953\u2019te yap\u0131lan referandumla ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sistemi kabul edildi ve Darbeci Albay Edip \u015ei\u015fekli devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n

Be\u015finci darbe giri\u015fimi ise 25 \u015eubat 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ordu i\u00e7inden geldi. Artan siyasi \u00e7alkant\u0131lar\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l ilan eden \u015ei\u015fekli\u2019nin y\u00f6netimine son verildi. Y\u00f6netim bir kez daha sivillere devir edildi. 1955 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Suriye\u2019de ki iktidar sol lehine de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6sterdi. Sol koalisyon y\u00f6netimi kurularak Sovyetler Birli\u011fine yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ki Nas\u0131r Hareketiyle ortakla\u015fa Birle\u015fik Arap Cumhuriyeti kuruldu. Sol tandansl\u0131 Suriye-M\u0131s\u0131r ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Birle\u015fik Arap Cumhuriyeti i\u00e7 sorunlardan dolay\u0131 istenilen bir sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmad\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Suriye\u2019ye h\u00fckmetmesi anlam\u0131na gelen b\u00fcrokratik atamalar nedeniyle bu birlik ba\u015fka bir darbeyle da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Alt\u0131nc\u0131 darbe giri\u015fimi ise 28 Eyl\u00fcl 1961 tarihinde sol y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve Suudi Arabistan\u2019dan destek alan Sa\u011fc\u0131 asker Abd\u00fclkerim Nehlevi\u2019nin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi darbe ile birlikte Birle\u015fik Arap Cumhuriyetine son verildi. Aral\u0131k 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan referandum ile kurucu meclis olu\u015fturuldu ve ba\u015f\u0131na da Naz\u0131m el-Kudsi getirildi.<\/p>\n

Yedinci darbe giri\u015fimi ordu i\u00e7indeki baz\u0131 Subaylar taraf\u0131ndan 28 Mart 1962\u2019de yap\u0131ld\u0131. Fakat muhalefetin artan bask\u0131lar\u0131 ve protestolar sonucu, daha \u00f6nceden g\u00f6revden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclerek s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilen Naz\u0131m el-Kudsi tekrardan devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirildi.<\/p>\n

Suriye\u2019de ki Nas\u0131r yanl\u0131s\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 guruplar aras\u0131nda dinmeyen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar nedeniyle 8 Mart 1963\u2019te bir askeri darbe daha yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dclke i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 8. Darbeyle i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na gelmi\u015f Baas Partisinin kurucular\u0131ndan olan Salahaddin Bitar Nas\u0131r yanl\u0131s\u0131 guruplar\u0131 orduda, b\u00fcrokraside temizleyerek Baas hakimiyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

1963 ve 1970 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Suriye\u2019nin tarihi darbeler tarihidir. 1966 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, Baas partisi mezhep ve a\u015firet yap\u0131y\u0131, b\u00f6lgecili\u011fi kullanarak tasfiye giri\u015fimlerinde bulunarak yeni bir darbe ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. 1966 darbesiyle birlikte ideolojik olarak belli bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ya\u015fad\u0131 ve sosyalizm g\u00f6nderme yapan yeniden bir yap\u0131lanmaya giderek darbeler tarihine son noktay\u0131 koymu\u015f oldu. Milliyet\u00e7i Baas\u00e7\u0131lar yerine radikal Sosyalist Baas\u00e7\u0131lar h\u00e2kim hale geldiler. Fakat bu iki gurup aras\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin bitti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmiyordu. Parti i\u00e7i g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesinin tehlikeleri her zaman mevcuttu. Benzer g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesi merkez kanatlar ile solcu kanatlar aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan m\u00fccadelelerde s\u0131k\u00e7a iktidar de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi de ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nihayetinde 23 \u015eubat 1966\u2019da askeri bir darbe ile bu darbeler s\u00fcrecine son noktaya do\u011fru gelinmi\u015f oluyor. Salah Cedid ve Haf\u0131z Esad ve Muhhamed Uman gurubu kanl\u0131 bir darbe ile Emin El-Haf\u0131z\u2019\u0131 iktidardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve yerine Nureddin el-Atasi\u2019yi getirmi\u015fler. Bu darbe ayn\u0131 zamanda Ordu i\u00e7inde ki Suni subaylar\u0131n\u0131n etkisinin k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir darbe olmu\u015ftur. 1967 y\u0131l\u0131nda Suriye, M\u0131s\u0131r, \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve Irak\u2019\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ittifak \u0130srail taraf\u0131ndan yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Suriye Golan tepelerini \u0130srail\u2019e kapt\u0131rd\u0131. Rusya araya girmesiyle ate\u015fkes sa\u011fland\u0131. Bu durum Suriye\u2019de parti i\u00e7i yeni bir iktidar m\u00fccadelesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Hava Kuvvetleri komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve savunma bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revi yapan Haf\u0131z Esat ile iktidardaki Salah el-C\u00fcnd\u00ee aras\u0131nda ki g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesinde (13 Kas\u0131m 1970) g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanarak iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Haf\u0131z Esat 1971\u2019de de Suriye\u2019nin ilk Nusayri devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

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Haf\u0131z Esad d\u00f6nemi \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

1970-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kesintisiz 30 y\u0131l iktidarda kalan Haf\u0131z Esad \u00fclkenin mutlak lideri olmu\u015ftur. Suriye\u2019de ki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerini ak\u0131ll\u0131 kullanarak iktidarda kalmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Haf\u0131z Esad\u2019\u0131n iktidara gelmesiyle birlikte, Suriye\u2019de suni devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 gelene\u011fi sona erdi\u011fi gibi D\u00fcrz\u00ee az\u0131nl\u0131k da b\u00fcrokraside ve orduda ki konumu zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f oldu. Suriye n\u00fcfusunun %10\u2019nu olu\u015fturan Nusayri az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iktidar\u0131d\u0131r. Haf\u0131z Esad ile birlikte devlet kademelerinin t\u00fcm\u00fc Nusayrilerin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Esad, Suriye\u2019yi y\u00f6netirken en temel dayana\u011f\u0131 Ordu, Baas Partisi ve \u0130stihbarat \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Haf\u0131z Ordudan gelen biri olarak ordu kademelerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcd\u00fcr ve Nusayrilerin denetimindedir. Ordu demek Haf\u0131z Esad demektir. Ayn\u0131 durum Baas i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Baas\u2019\u0131n kurulu\u015fundan beri i\u00e7inde yer alan Haf\u0131z Esad, parti i\u00e7i muhalefeti de sindirerek konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir ideolojik faaliyetle kitleleri Baas etraf\u0131nda birle\u015ftirerek iktidar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ideolojik zemin haline getirmi\u015ftir. En \u00f6nemli dayanak noktalar\u0131ndan biri olan istihbarat \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini de kendisine ba\u011flamay\u0131 bilmi\u015ftir. Haf\u0131z Esad kendisini ulusal lider \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen ve kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirerek \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar iktidarda kalmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, parti genel ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve silahl\u0131 kuvvetler ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revlerini birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fctmesi, Haf\u0131z Esad\u2019\u0131n uzun y\u0131llar iktidarda kalmas\u0131na vesile olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Haf\u0131z Esad iktidar\u0131na ilk ciddi muhalif kalk\u0131\u015fma M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015flerden gelmi\u015ftir. Hama\u2019n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7iren M\u00fcsl\u00fcman karde\u015flere 2 \u015eubat 1982 tarihinde \u00e7ok sert y\u00f6nelerek kendisi i\u00e7in tehlike olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarihe \u2018Hama katliam\u0131\u2019 olarak ge\u00e7en bu olayda 10 binlerce sivilin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Haf\u0131z Esad iktidar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Suriye\u2019nin izledi\u011fi politika olduk\u00e7a pragmatiktir. B\u00f6lgesel ve uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerden faydalanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi bilmi\u015ftir. Denge siyasetinin mucidi gibidir. Arap \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7inde olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir konum elde etmi\u015ftir. \u0130srail\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 tutumunda, 1976 L\u00fcbnan\u2019a asker g\u00f6ndermeye kadar, Suriye\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda PKK, Hamas\u2019da dahil bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rg\u00fctle ili\u015fki kurmaktan \u00e7ekinmemi\u015ftir. \u00dclke i\u00e7inde sa\u011f kesimlerle ili\u015fki kurarak \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sol \u00e7evrelerle dayanarak Arap ulus milliyet\u00e7i\u011fi ve sosyalizm gibi ideolojik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, dindarl\u0131k ve laiklik aras\u0131nda gidip gelerek herkesin nabz\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015ferbet da\u011f\u0131tmas\u0131n\u0131 bilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ile ba\u015fta Hatay sorunu, su sorunu olmak \u00fczere s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi konular\u0131nda da sorunlar ya\u015fayan Haf\u0131z Esad 20 Ekim 1998 de imzalanan Adana Protokol\u00fcyle i\u015fleri normalle\u015ftirmek istemi\u015ftir. Fakat daha sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi T\u00fcrkiye, Esad\u2019\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir beka meselesi haline getirdi.<\/p>\n

Haf\u0131z Esad d\u00f6neminin en b\u00fcy\u00fck olaylar\u0131ndan biri de K\u00fcrt Halk \u00f6nderi Ba\u015fkan Apo\u2019nun Suriye\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve Uluslararas\u0131 komplo ile yakalanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok genel hatlar\u0131yla belirtti\u011fimiz Haf\u0131z Esad d\u00f6nemi darbelere ve i\u00e7 muhalefete imk\u00e2n vermeyen bir sistemi in\u015fa ederek \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar bu sistemi y\u00f6netmesidir. Ama zor ama diyalog yoluyla Suriye\u2019yi Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun kilit \u00fclkesi haline getirmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcle bilinir uygulamalar\u0131ndan uzakt\u0131r. \u0130li\u015fki ve ittifaklar\u0131, y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 toplumsal ihtiya\u00e7lara cevap vermemektedir. Haf\u0131z Esat 10 Haziran 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesiyle birlikte y\u00f6netimde Be\u015far Esad d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Be\u015far Esad d\u00f6nemi (2000\u2026)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Haf\u0131z Esad\u2019\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclke Nusayrilerin mutlak hakimiyetinde olmas\u0131 Be\u015far Esad\u2019\u0131n lider olarak devam etmesinde uygun bir zemin sunmaktad\u0131r. Suriye, Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun politik dengeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda kilit bir \u00f6neme sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in her zaman dikkatleri \u00fczerine \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Be\u015far Esad\u2019\u0131n liderli\u011finde baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimler g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f olsa da Suriye\u2019nin gelece\u011finde k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fimler \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fclmemektedir. B\u00f6lgede ki siyasi konjonkt\u00fcr de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. 11 Eyl\u00fcl olaylar\u0131 ile birlikte ABD, iran ve Suriye\u2019yi ayn\u0131 kefeye koyarak Kuzey Kore ile birlikte \u015fer eksenine dahil etmesi, 2003 ABD\u2019nin Irak\u2019a m\u00fcdahalesi, 2005 L\u00fcbnan Eski ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Refik Hariri\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi olaylar\u0131 Suriye i\u00e7in sanc\u0131l\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Suriye i\u00e7in stratejik \u00f6nemde olan L\u00fcbnan\u2019dan askerlerini \u00e7ekmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Be\u015far Esad \u0130ran ile ili\u015fkilerini bir \u00fcst a\u015famaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Hizbullah, Hamas ve \u0130slami cihat \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine destek vererek ABD kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir siyaset izlemesi onu \u0130ran\u2019da daha da yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2006\u2019da \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n fanatik lideri Ahmedi Necad Suriye\u2019yi ziyaret ederek \u0130slami \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle, Filistin direni\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn liderleriyle ortak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc vermesi Bat\u0131 ve \u0130srail kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 cepheyi daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Daha sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde Suriye lideri Be\u015far Esad, \u0130ran ile olan ili\u015fkilerinin meyvesini toplayacakt\u0131. Suriye\u2019nin en zor s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde \u0130ran hemen Esad\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda bitiverecekti.<\/p>\n

Suriye benzer bir yak\u0131nla\u015fmay\u0131, k\u0131sa bir balay\u0131n da olsa T\u00fcrkiye ile de ya\u015fad\u0131. ABD\u2019nin Irak\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesine T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 1 Mart Meclis teskeresiyle kar\u015f\u0131t durmas\u0131 nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye ile de yak\u0131nla\u015fma politikas\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi. \u00d6yle bir a\u015famaya geldi ki Erdo\u011fan ve Esad karde\u015fli\u011fi kuracak kadar samimi aile ziyaretlerine kadar i\u015fi vard\u0131rd\u0131lar. Zaman ilerledik\u00e7e karde\u015flik, dostluk ili\u015fkileri yerini d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa b\u0131rakt\u0131. Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f ya\u015famas\u0131ndan sonra Esad\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Erdo\u011fan olmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcf olmasa gerek. Osmanl\u0131 yay\u0131lma alan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Suriye\u2019yi T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131na katmay\u0131 ama\u00e7 edindir. T\u00fcrkiye ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi i\u015fgal sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131yla Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck taraf\u0131 haline geldi.<\/p>\n

Tunuslu gen\u00e7 seyyar sat\u0131c\u0131 Tar\u0131k el-Tayyip Muhammed Buazizi, 17 Aral\u0131k 2010\u2019da kendisini yakmas\u0131yla Arap \u00fclkelerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fim dalgas\u0131 yaratt\u0131. 23 y\u0131l Tunus\u2019u y\u00f6neten Zenel Abidin \u00fclkenden ka\u00e7mak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayaklanmalar domino etkisi yaratarak bir\u00e7ok Arap \u00fclkesini etkilemi\u015ftir. Libya, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da y\u00f6netim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Suriye\u2019de halk\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fim talepleri beklenen kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulmay\u0131nca muhalefet silahlanm\u0131\u015f ve Arap Bahar\u0131 \u00fclkede i\u00e7 sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

DA\u0130\u015e \u00e7etelerinin 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda Suriye co\u011frafyas\u0131na y\u00f6nelmesiyle birlikte \u00fclke adeta kan deryas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, Suriye idaresi \u00e7\u00f6kmenin e\u015fi\u011fine geldi. Suriye Arap birli\u011finden d\u0131\u015fland\u0131 ve siyasi tecrit s\u00fcrecine al\u0131nd\u0131. \u0130ran ve ard\u0131ndan Rusya\u2019n\u0131n destekleriyle rejim ayakta durmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131 fakat \u00fclke y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011framaktan kurtulamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Radikal \u0130slami \u00e7ete guruplar\u0131n\u0131n yuavalanad\u0131\u011f\u0131, cirit att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sava\u015f alan\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc. \u0130dlib \u00e7etelerin s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 son mek\u00e2n olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerinden Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131na gelen en az\u0131l\u0131 cihat\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7eteler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin himayesinde deste\u011finde Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 daha da k\u00f6r\u00fcklediler ve alan kurtarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u015fgal giri\u015fimleriyle \u00e7ete guruplar\u0131 neredeyse otonom bir duruma kadar geldiler.<\/p>\n

Suriye\u2019de DA\u0130\u015e\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in kurulan koalisyonun en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fc olan ABD, b\u00f6lgede kal\u0131c\u0131 hale geldi. Rusya, \u0130ran, T\u00fcrkiye ve ABD Suriye co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n mukimi oldular. Sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in BM\u2019nin de dahil oldu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok toplant\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Cenevre g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir araya gelen taraflar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmekten uzakt\u0131r. Benzer oturumlar Astana g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ad\u0131yla \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u00f6rtl\u00fc masalar kuruldu. Rusya, \u0130ran, T\u00fcrkiye ve Suriye aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde hen\u00fcz bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Astana g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin i\u00e7eri\u011fine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak K\u00fcrt kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 uzla\u015f\u0131lar ve \u00e7etelere g\u00fcvence sa\u011flamaya d\u00f6n\u00fck pratik sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7eli\u015fki ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar da Suriye krizini etkilemektedir. Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131nda Rusya ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelen ABD-AB ve NATO ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7eki\u015fme alanlar\u0131ndan biri de Suriye olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zelikle de Suriye Rojava konusunda taviz koparmak i\u00e7in Ukrayna krizinden olduk\u00e7a yararlanmakta ve Rojava\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etme sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun zemin bulmu\u015ftur. Rusya ve ABD, T\u00fcrk devletinin Rojava\u2019ya sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na z\u0131mni veya a\u00e7\u0131ktan destek olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrk devletinin i\u015fgal etti\u011fi Efrin, Serekaniye ve G\u0131re s\u0131pi alanlar\u0131na \u00e7eteleri yerle\u015ftirerek K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusu yerinden ederek demografik yap\u0131y\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015fla birlikte art\u0131k eski Suriye de\u011fildir. \u015eam y\u00f6netimi gerek ideolojik yap\u0131lanmas\u0131yla ve gerekse dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 dengelerle ge\u00e7mi\u015fte oldu\u011fu gibi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcremez duruma gelmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u015eam y\u00f6netimin otoritesi alabildi\u011fince sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Be\u015far Esad\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi Suriye, Baba Haf\u0131z\u2019dan kalma Suriye olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131nda K\u00fcrtler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Haf\u0131z Esad d\u00f6neminde K\u00fcrt \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hareketiyle kurulan diyaloglar doksanlar\u0131n sonunda bozulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. D\u00fcnya ve b\u00f6lgedeki geli\u015fmeler Suriye ulus devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da zorlar hale getirdi. Sovyetlerin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7 Suriye\u2019yi de etkilemi\u015ftir. 2000 binlerden sonra ise durum \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 bir a\u015famaya gelmi\u015ftir. 11 Eyl\u00fcl olaylar\u0131, Irak sava\u015f\u0131, Suriye\u2019yi d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fime zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fkan Apo\u2019nun Suriye\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131\/\u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, Suriye\u2019yi yeni aray\u0131\u015flara y\u00f6nlendirdi. S\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc denge siyaseti t\u0131kanma noktas\u0131na geldi. \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015fla birlikte Suriye\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131k a\u015f\u0131lamay\u0131nca ve gerekli de\u011fi\u015fim yap\u0131lamay\u0131nca kaotik s\u00fcre\u00e7 ka\u015f\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu. Devam eden kaos aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hen\u00fcz bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu bulunmu\u015f de\u011fildir. K\u00fcrtlerin rol\u00fc ve yap\u0131c\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm se\u00e7ene\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar \u015eam y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131nda hen\u00fcz kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmasa da bu zemine d\u00f6nme d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka se\u00e7ene\u011fi de kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrtler Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131nda en makul politikay\u0131 uygulayan taraf olmu\u015ftur. \u015eam y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 cepheden sava\u015fa girmeyerek me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa hatt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk devleti ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta K\u00fcrtleri yan\u0131na \u00e7ekerek \u015eam y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmay\u0131 dayatmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen K\u00fcrtler bu oyuna gelmemi\u015ftir. Zaten T\u00fcrk devletinin Rojava\u2019ya d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da buradan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. DA\u0130\u015e \u00e7etelerini K\u00fcrtlere y\u00f6nlendiren T\u00fcrk devleti b\u00f6ylece sonu\u00e7 almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u00fcrtlerin Kobane direni\u015fi ve ard\u0131ndan pe\u015fi s\u0131ra geriletilen DA\u0130\u015e \u00e7etelerinin kalesi Raqqa\u2019da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce K\u00fcrtlerin uluslararas\u0131 koalisyon g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi. F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusu t\u00fcm\u00fcyle DA\u0130\u015e \u00e7etelerinden temizlenerek Kuzey ve Do\u011fu Suriye \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimi ilan edilerek \u00f6zerk bir alan olu\u015fturulmu\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrtleri silahland\u0131ran etkenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda sald\u0131r\u0131 tehdidi alt\u0131nda bulunmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Kap\u0131da beliren i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu tehdit \u00f6z savunmay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir yandan da DA\u0130\u015e \u00e7etelerinin hedefi haline getirilen K\u00fcrtlerin T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan Suriye y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 kullanma senaryosu, meydana gelen otorite bo\u015flu\u011fu gibi etmenlerle birle\u015fince silahlanma ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz hale gelmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Suriye ulus devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klar i\u00e7inde en fazla ma\u011fdur edilenler K\u00fcrtlerdir. Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fcnden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu defakto durumda bile \u015eam y\u00f6netimini direkt hedef alan eylemlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Temsil ettikleri siyasi \u00e7izgi ayr\u0131\u015fma de\u011fil, birlikte ya\u015fam perspektifi i\u00e7eren \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yoldur. Elde edilen kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 \u015eam y\u00f6netimiyle s\u00fcrekli m\u00fczakere etmeyi ama\u00e7layan bir yakla\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7inde olmu\u015ftur. Suriye gibi \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir co\u011frafya da ayr\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en iyi bilenler K\u00fcrtlerdir. \u00c7ok dilli, \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc, farkl\u0131 inan\u00e7lar\u0131n bir arada ya\u015famas\u0131 bir zenginlik olarak kabul edilmesi ve buna uygun siyasi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler bulunmas\u0131, ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan demokratik idari yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 Suriye\u2019nin gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en ak\u0131ll\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr. F\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131 yakla\u015fmaktan ziyade kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcreterek \u015fiddet sarmal\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin m\u00fcdahaleleri, Suriye halklar\u0131n\u0131n gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sunmaktan uzakt\u0131r. \u0130ran ve Rusya, \u015eam y\u00f6netimine nefes ald\u0131rsa da uzun vadede kendi devlet \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ncelemektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ise Suriye\u2019yi i\u015fgal ve ilhak etmektir. Hal b\u00f6yleyken \u015eam y\u00f6netimi T\u00fcrkiye ile bir masa etraf\u0131nda yan yana gelmesine ra\u011fmen K\u00fcrtlerle benzer bir aray\u0131\u015f i\u00e7ine girmemesi ciddi bir ele\u015ftiri konusudur.<\/p>\n

En son Suriye Demokratik meclisi ile Demokratik De\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in Ulusal koordinasyon Kurulu aras\u0131nda var\u0131lan anla\u015fma gere\u011fi kamuoyuna deklere edilen bildiride dile gelen hususlar Suriye\u2019nin gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en makul \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n